The aim of this research is to assess the impact of CLINICAL PHARMACIST-provided EDUCATION on medication adherence in haemodialysis patients. Ninety haemodialysis patients were randomized into two groups. Brief medication questionnaire (BMQ), a tool for screening adherence was administered to both groups at the baseline to assess adherence to antihypertensives, vitamin D analogues, phosphate binders and folic acid in haemodialysis patients. The intervention group received EDUCATION regarding their medications by a CLINICAL PHARMACIST over seven weeks. The control group received standard care. At the end of eight weeks, BMQ was once again administered to patients of both groups. At the baseline, there was no significant difference in the mean BMQ regimen, belief, recall and the medication access screen scores of the control and intervention groups. At the end of the eighth week, there was a significant drop (p<0.05) in the mean scores of regimen, belief and recall screens of BMQ in the intervention group, indicating an improved level of medication adherence. For the control group, there was no significant drop in the mean BMQ screen scores. The reported level of non-adherence was the highest for phosphate binders. We conclude that CLINICAL PHARMACIST-provided EDUCATION was effective in improving adherence behaviour of haemodialysis patients.

Introduction: As a type of CLINICAL EDUCATION, ambulatory medicine has challenges, which underlines the evaluation of the system. This study endeavored to design a system to evaluate ambulatory medical EDUCATION in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This developmental study was conducted in two phases in the years 2019-2022. In two phases, evaluating of the status quo and designing a system for evaluating ambulatory settings was done. This way, an agenda was developed. Results: Designing an agenda for evaluating ambulatory medical EDUCATION are the important results of this study. This system includes stakeholders, policymakers, and administrators. The users are the CLINICAL professors in EDUCATIONal clinics, developers of the CLINICAL EDUCATION system in EDUCATION development center. The end stakeholders are students of medicine, patients, and society. The system consists of several subsystems wherein several processes are running. Conclusion: According to the developed system, it is possible to formatively evaluate ambulatory setting and in addition to extracting results to identify the strong and weak points of CLINICAL EDUCATION, the strengths and weaknesses of the system can also be evaluated and improved.

Introduction: Optimal treatment of dyslipidemia is a top priority in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. For this purpose, clinicians in Iran usually refer to four current international guidelines. The aim of this study was to assess the approach of Iranian CLINICAL PHARMACISTs in the treatment of dyslipidemia based on international guidelines. Methods: A structured questionnaire was prepared. Questions (n=24) included the demographics (n=7), dyslipidemia references (n=3), dyslipidemia general knowledge of respondents (n=10), and questions (n=4) designed based on the difference among the latest version of guidelines participants stated they use in their practice. After validity conformation, the questionnaire was distributed to 120 CLINICAL PHARMACISTs, electronically from May to August 2021. Results: Response rate was 77. 5% (n=93). The majority of participants (80. 6%, n=75) claimed to have used the 2018 ACC/AHA guideline. The Median (interquartile range [IQR]) score of the general knowledge questions was 5. 0 (2. 0) out of 10. The Median (IQR) score of questions designed based on the difference among guidelines was calculated 3(1) out of 4. There was no significant (P=0. 25) difference in score among participants according to their guideline selection. Moreover, the gender and length of experience as a CLINICAL PHARMACIST had no significant (P>0. 05) effect on the score of participants. Conclusion: In this study, Iranian CLINICAL PHARMACISTs answered half of the dyslipidemia general knowledge questions correctly. Also, Participants were up-to-date on 75% of the questions designed based on the latest version of the guideline they had been using in their practice.

Background: Drug-induced QTc prolongation represents the predominant cause of acquired long QTc syndrome. PHARMACISTs’ intervention, through the screening of at-risk patients and the provision of recommendations to prescribers for modifying drug regimens, may mitigate the adverse outcomes associated with this condition. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the role of CLINICAL PHARMACISTs in reducing drug-induced acquired long QTc syndrome and mitigating the risk of progression toward life-threatening arrhythmias. Methods: We included hospitalized patients who were receiving at least two concomitant QT-prolonging medications, or one QT-prolonging medication along with a diagnosis of heart failure, myocardial infarction, or sepsis in the study over three months. Using the Tisdale risk score, we provided recommendations to the prescribing physician, and acceptance rates were recorded. Additionally, the rate of QTc prolongation was assessed in the patients. Results: The study was completed with 90 patients. The concomitant use of ondansetron and methadone was identified as the most common high-risk drug combination. A total of 56 PHARMACIST recommendations were made, with an estimated physician acceptance rate of 89%. Additionally, normalization of the QTc interval was observed in 14 out of 22 patients (63. 6%) following PHARMACISTs’ intervention. Conclusion: CLINICAL PHARMACISTs are instrumental in the prevention of drug-induced long QTc syndrome among hospitalized patients.

EDUCATION is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. EDUCATION is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's EDUCATIONal system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. EDUCATION moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The EDUCATIONal system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and EDUCATION are interrelated and interconnected. Every EDUCATIONal paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and EDUCATION. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Abstract Intuition is one of the characteristics of entrepreneurs and an important factor in the decision-making processes of entrepreneurs. In recent years, at the same time as the development of entrepreneurship as an interdisciplinary science, intuition and providing different definitions of it have not been noticed by researchers and researchers in this field, and many researches have not been written in this field. This is despite the fact that in other fields of humanities, especially management (with which entrepreneurship is closely related), basic sciences and even medical sciences, there is a suitable background and theoretical literature about this. On the other hand, it seems that the theoretical and epistemological foundations of this concept have not been researched as much as necessary in the few researches that have been conducted, and very little research has been done in this field. In this article, firstly, the definitions and researches about intuition are reviewed, and secondly, the little researches that have been done in entrepreneurship and its relationship with other sciences are discussed.

Diclofenac and ketorolac are prescribed as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to manage pain and inflammation. However, co-administration of them could lead to serious health problems. We seek to highlight the potential dangers of their concurrent use.   We discuss the increased risk of severe gastrointestinal complications, including ulceration, bleeding, and perforation, associated with combining these medications. The case emphasizes the importance of clinician awareness of this drug interaction and advocates for safer prescribing practices. Also, we shed light on the significant role of CLINICAL PHARMACISTs in each community pharmacy, hospital, and medical centre...